Using the new technology as a DP, director, editor, and postproduction artist is still evolving, and exciting new developments emerge regularly. For directors, the changes have been more subtle but they are there; the same applies to producers. In all cases, the changes create new opportunities and possibilities. At the same time, most of the traditional skills are still critical to success in the camera department.
For the DP, a deep understanding of the tools, techniques, and artistry of lighting is still essential. For the camera crew, the protocols of ensuring that everything is good and proper with the equipment is still critical. Focus and optics remain much the same and, of course, elements of visual storytelling such as composition, camera movement, color, and staging are as important to the overall success of a project as they have ever been.
New challenges, new technology, and new tools to learn — these are things the camera department has loved and embraced since the days of Thomas Edison.
E-Book Description. E-Book Details. I cannot stress too much the need to impress on those responsible for the brief the importance of their task. It has been said so often, because it is so true, that the building design is only as good as the brief.
To avoid overwhelming your staff with a huge questionnaire, start the process by having them summarise staff lists, description of laboratory type and function. Meet to review that summary and then build on it with more and more detail until you have a complete document of all your requirements.
This summary is the Schedule of accommodation and will be continually updated through the design briefing process Figure 1. Alterations to the laboratory spaces and furniture to suit future staff will be costly. By all means follow the first step above, but then somebody has to rationalise the various requirements. This operation needs diplomacy but a sense of resolve. A laboratory development committee can sometimes do this job with more authority and impartiality. Whoever undertakes this task may not realise all the options available in terms of new generation furniture and servicing systems.
Better that the laboratory designer is introduced at this early stage, before the staff have their new dream laboratory space firmly entrenched in their mind. So basically do not follow the individual with extraordinary requirements but seek a compromise which will satisfy most of the needs and will also suit the next staff to work in that facility.
This design concept is called generic laboratories. As this series of units had been designed to cater for a variety of laboratory functions the staff had no problem and there was no vexed process of rationalisation. Examples of generic laboratory furniture systems are illustrated in Chapter 4. When writing the description, keep the reader in mind; you are not writing this for your colleagues.
Your description of the functions can take the form of a workflow — for example, in a pathology laboratory: receive specimens, record data and relabel specimen, load into trays, separate in centrifuge, reload in separate trays, distribute to laboratory departments, test specimens and report, return to data entry.
Figure 1. On the other hand, you may describe a procedure or practice which does not have a workflow but several associated functions. In your bubble diagram show a thick line between bubbles when functional spaces need to be directly adjacent, a medium line when spaces need to be close but not adjacent and a thin line when access by corridor is sufficient.
From my experience there seems to be three schools of thought when it comes to locating staff. The three locations are: A. Adjacent to a dedicated laboratory workbench and generally at the window end of the bench, unless the workbench is a hazardous area.
Within the laboratory space but not immediately adjacent and partitioned, generally shared with other staff in the same laboratory. Not within the laboratory group but separated by a dividing corridor. Option A appears to be favoured by staff who are working on an individual project and who need to keep an eye on their work but which is not particularly hazardous. Option B appears to be favoured by both staff and management.
Staff feel they are close enough to their work and management feel that staff are safer if write-up time is not spent within the relatively hazardous laboratory environment. Management also appear to be wary of staff becoming too territorial, particularly if the function of the laboratory is quite dynamic and likely to change. Option C appears to be favoured for safety and for energy conservation.
The laboratory environmental requirements of controlled temperature, humidity and clean air cannot be achieved without high energy consumption. On the other hand, the office environmental requirements can be achieved with relatively low energy consumption, particularly if the architect designs the building envelope to the principles of passive energy, maximising solar energy and prevailing breezes see Section 1. From the point of view of occupational health and safety Option A is not recommended as it can never be guaranteed that the benchwork will not be hazardous.
Hazards in laboratories are generally the subject of standards and regulations which should be called up in the design brief, under each item.
Some hazardous laboratory operations will result in chemical waste, biohazard waste, laboratory sharps, fumes and other by-products which need to be removed. These wastes Design brief 7 and their methods of disposal need to be described in detail as provision will have to be made in the building design. The following examples are by no means an exhaustive list of hazards but all laboratory users will know the particular hazards within their laboratory function and list them accordingly. Procedures requiring a down-draught workbench, such as in anatomical dissection and decanting chemicals to exhaust the vapour downwards and away from the operator.
Laboratory procedures requiring protection of the operator from biological hazards such as bacteria, virus, pathogens, etc. Procedures, typically in pharmaceutical manufacturing laboratories, which require a supply of clean air where a product can be handled without fear of contamination. Corrosive chemicals to be stored within the laboratory are a hazard to instruments and other equipment.
The requirements should be for an externally ventilated cupboard. Equipment which tests the compressive or tensile strength of materials and which could propel part or all of the equipment or materials being tested, requires special benches with screens to protect the operator. High voltage equipment with its special operator-protective requirements. Procedures involving radioactive materials.
Radiation, ionising and non-ionising. Visitors to the laboratory are a hazard to staff, equipment and themselves. Remember that a hazard will be recognised as such by staff who are familiar with it, but may not be by visitors or new staff.
The laboratory owner has a legal duty of care to staff and visitors. Some areas will be quite simply an office for an individual but others will be larger to accommodate a number of staff performing various duties.
There will be small laboratory spaces requiring partitions for environmental control, prevention of contamination, sound-proofing or other reasons.
Then there will be the larger laboratory spaces which are open-planned. Finally there will be all the support spaces such as cold rooms, store rooms, glassware wash-up and others.
This variety of accommodation is illustrated in Figure 1. The individual offices will be the easiest to define in the brief because the floor space allocation for offices is well established. The other individual spaces such as cold rooms, store rooms, etc. Over the years I have developed a design technique, which will be described in Chapter 2 — Design methodology. This technique has proved itself on numerous commissions, so I commend it to you for your consideration.
The brief for the laboratory spaces should be defined as follows. List all laboratory functions in a Schedule of Accommodation Figure 1. Under each functional space list the equipment on the left hand side of the page. Opposite each item, indicate the length of bench or floor space required for each item, including any associated bench space required. In other words, if an item is 0. When you are listing each item of the equipment, state the services you will require for that equipment, such as AC power, natural gas, nitrogen, etc.
The two types are quick-connect and push-on hose fitting. The latter is only suitable for low pressure and vacuum. If the bench-mounted or floor-standing equipment is deeper than, say, mm you will need to mention this on the list. Later, in Chapter 2, I will explain how your bench lengths are used to calculate the floor area requirement for each laboratory. To avoid benches being used for storage your storage requirements need to be detailed carefully in your brief.
It is absolutely critical to have adequate provision for storage of hazardous substances, equipment and consumables to ensure good housekeeping and therefore safe laboratory operations. You may need a receiving area for unpacking if you do not have supplies delivered directly to their destination.
Some users like to store supplies in the original packaging to save decanting or to make re-ordering easier.
In that case your shelving requirement is likely to be open, widely spaced and deep to accommodate the large packages. If, on the other hand, you break open the packaging and distribute the contents onto shelves or drawers, you need to specify the sizes to fit the size of the articles. For safety and good ergonomics I always recommend narrow shelves to avoid stacking bottles behind each other and always full-height cupboards to avoid bending down and reaching into deep under-bench cupboards.
Ergonomically, drawers under workbenches provide easier access than cupboards. So if you decide to specify drawers, make sure you also specify the clear height within the drawers to accommodate your requirements. With the increasing use of equipment and instrumentation on benches, storing reagents on shelves behind benches is to be avoided. If in chemical and pathology laboratories there is a requirement for shelves adjacent to manual work, be sure to specify that you require the reagent shelves to be movable.
If the workbench changes from a manual area to a location for large instrumentation such as auto-analysers, the reagent shelf can be lifted off to provide more depth on the bench. As with workbench requirements, your storage requirements should be expressed in terms of shelf length in metres and drawer sizes. Your brief should subdivide your requirements also into open shelves, closed shelves, closed with glass doors, open in separate store room and specify locations for each storage requirement.
Later, in Chapter 2, I will explain how the designer can take your requirements and calculate the floor space requirements of your storage. The latest technology in storage systems which have been installed in our projects are illustrated in the colour section. Glass doors to the cool room provide easy access for staff Plate The Metro compactus has no floor track so can be easily relocated Plate 6.
The Kardex VCA Vertical Carousel System not only stores consumables but provides automatic retrieval by staff at the upper laboratory level Plates 50 and These items are generally refrigerators, freezer cabinets, incubators, ovens, centrifuges, mixers, and now, increasingly, large auto-analysers and other combined instrumentation. When listing your laboratory equipment, the size of the equipment in the brief should include the clearance space required for servicing which is recommended by the supplier.
The laboratory designer may not be familiar with some of your equipment and all the relevant information should be supplied in the brief. Design brief 11 1. The high costs associated with providing the ideal environment can be reduced if there is a passive energy building design philosophy. Your brief, however, is not going to provide the design solution but you should express your views on the subject. The brief should list your requirements in terms of temperature and variation limits, humidity control and, most important, the percentage of recirculated air.
The reasons for not recirculating air are generally to avoid accumulating hazardous airborne contaminants or to avoid cross-contamination. You may also have hot and cold rooms, in which case you will specify the temperature and humidity ranges required. The mechanical engineering consultant designing your ventilation systems will have to calculate the total heat load generated by the laboratory equipment. The heat load is available from the supplier of the equipment.
Another important factor affecting the design of the air conditioning is the quantity, type and estimated frequency of use of fume cupboards. If the fume cupboard manufacturer is selected during the preparation of the design brief, the mechanical engineering consultant will be given the best information to work on. In selecting the manufacturer you should consider quality, performance, energy saving and compliance with the fume cupboard standards.
If you decide to have recirculatory filtration fume cupboards to protect the environment, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and save energy it is all the more important to select your fume cupboard manufacturer carefully. The air-conditioning costs are substantially reduced. See Case study 32 for the best example. Regulations and standards for occupational health and safety cover the laboratory work place quite thoroughly and the design team will necessarily have to be conversant with all 12 Laboratory Design Guide the requirements for both the work place and facilities.
The design brief will need to include the staff rooms and equipment required for your particular laboratory size, type and staffing.
This will include a first-aid room, lunch room with drinking water, locker room and toilets with showers. Access for the disabled needs to be addressed in the brief. If you express a preference for a single-storey laboratory the provision of access for disabled staff and visitors will of course be easy to facilitate.
If, however, the building needs to be multi-storied the problem of egress by the disabled escaping from a fire on an upper storey can be solved but with great difficulty. Depending on the type and size of the laboratory building, and on the particular needs, there may be a requirement for small meeting rooms, medium-size conference rooms and a seminar auditorium.
An example is a research organisation which has staff. They are satisfied with their variety of meeting rooms which are three small meeting rooms to seat 8—10, a conference facility to seat 40 with an operable partition and a sloping floor auditorium to seat all staff. Facilities for teleconferences may be required in the small meeting rooms and electronic whiteboards are useful for recording proceedings. Overhead projectors may be appropriate for the conference rooms which should have a level floor allowing various seating configurations.
In the auditorium, film projection and TV monitors have been replaced by computer and video projectors which produce bright, clear definition images displayed on large screens at the front visible from the rear seats. Toilets need to be adjacent to the auditorium to avoid visitors searching for them through the building.
Essential for the proper function of participant interaction is an adjacent space, adequate in size to accommodate the auditorium capacity standing in small groups for discussion and light refreshments. Noticeboards to display the seminar programme and information should be located away from external and auditorium doors. Direct entry for visitors separate to Design brief 13 the building entry may be desirable particularly if the facilities are let out to the community at large.
Car parking for visitors should also be included. In any event, check with the local building authority for their car parking regulations. Others exclude all visitors except those who are involved in their operation, such as trade representatives and service personnel.
However visitors, particularly intruders, are not aware of the hazards and are a danger to themselves and to the laboratory. Security has to be considered as one of the most important design problems. The solution can generally be designed into the scheme but it does deserve respect. It needs to form part of the design brief or will be difficult to achieve later. Your project may be similar to one or more, and your staff could compare the designs and relate them to the brief for your own project.
The case studies can also be interesting as a checklist, showing all the elements that made up the completed laboratories. Specialist consultants in laboratory design, occupational health and safety, environment and energy, lighting, acoustics and IT provide the essential expertise which the primary consultants, as general practitioners, may not have.
Most major firms will claim to have had relevant experience but laboratories are not like other industrial or academic buildings and require very considerable recent experience in the field. Insist on having the names of the individual professionals who are nominated to work on the project. The individuals who were responsible for the nominated previous experience may no longer be with the firm.
They should all have a proven track record and should preferably have worked together before on laboratory projects, as laboratory design requires very close cooperation within the project design team.
The client should inspect the completed laboratory buildings nominated by the prospective professionals before selecting the team. It is very important to establish right from the outset the lines of communication. As soon as the client has completed the brief, having covered at least all 16 Laboratory Design Guide items in Chapter 1 — Design brief, copies should be distributed to all design consultants.
The laboratory staff responsible for the brief should use lay terms if possible but technical terms may sometimes be unavoidable and may need clarification. The first meeting should determine the frequency of project meetings, usually weekly and the day of the week which suits everybody. The first few meetings will probably be the most important and should be attended by all.
Later, when a pattern is established and members become more interactive outside meetings, the main players may be the only permanent members. There has never been a brief prepared which has not been amended and expanded. New members to the committee need to be informed of decisions made prior to their joining the team.
It will be an opportunity to explain the deficiencies and inadequacies of the present facility and why indeed they have to refit or build a new laboratory building. It is sometimes appropriate for the meeting to adjourn to other laboratory buildings, both well-established and recently completed, to illustrate good design or to show what not to do.
If the client has target dates and funding limits the client should issue a separate document to instruct the project design team on the design and construction programme and the project budget. The client will agree with some of their recommendations, not with others, and the brief is amended accordingly. At this time, it may be appropriate for the design team to take the client to completed laboratories to illustrate their recommendations.
My design philosophy has always been to develop the building design from the interior, the work place as illustrated in Figure 1. The floor area in square metres for each functional space is estimated at this stage by multiplying the length of workbenches and floor-standing equipment by a factor of 1. If, however, you want to allow for unforeseen and future requirements, and if the budget allows, multiply by a factor of up to 2.
The design synthesis is a very complex process of amalgamating all the many parts of the laboratory into a whole. The conception may produce more than one design solution and these alternative designs need to be tested against all the user requirements until a preferred scheme is selected. This stage is called the scheme plan and an example is illustrated in Figure 2. Only the main laboratory areas are shown, with the general circulation corridors and the internal laboratory circulation.
This diagram will of course reflect the building regulation requirements in terms of fire egress. The contract documentation team will want all design decisions to have been made or their work is delayed by questions and answers. The agreement can take many forms, none of which is the subject of my design guide. The same can be said of the specification except that I will mention a number of design recommendations in later chapters which will form part of the specification.
Design methodology 19 20 Laboratory Design Guide Figure 2. The subcontractor should be selected after the client has inspected the work of available specialist joiners and obtained designs and quotations from each firm. The selected manufacturer can be nominated in the tender documents with a provisional sum equivalent to the quotation with a 2-year service agreement.
Most of the case studies were delivered by this traditional method. One of the advantages I see in this method is the opportunity to select at the outset an individual who has successfully managed the design and construction of comparable laboratory projects.
He or she will have had the relevant experience which is so essential in knowing what to expect and how to deal with the many problems encountered in possibly the most complex of building types, a laboratory. The other advantage is that under this method the tenders for the specialist trade packages, such as the laboratory furniture, fume cupboards, clean rooms, etc.
Under the traditional method, the tenders for the whole project are very competitive and may not be based on quotations from specialist subcontractors. The true Technology parks restrict their tenants to those who are developing their innovative scientific research and need to do this in a creative scientific community with support from finance, venture capital and legal firms who are on site too.
While relationships and technology transfer can be forged on line many prefer the face-to-face opportunities to meet and talk in a co-location situation. The other category is more of a Business Park where anyone can locate, without any criteria for entry. Laboratories are classified by the local planning authority in their zoning of the different land uses. Having selected a particular district it is essential to visit the local planning authority to inspect the zoning plan to determine the areas in that district which have been allocated for the laboratory classification.
Referring to Section 1. It is best to get the neighbours on your side by relieving their anxiety at the prospect of having a laboratory in the immediate vicinity. Better that they learn the facts from you, and your concerns for them, than from the media. These regulations have considerable implications on planning. This separation can take the form of either a fire-rated isolation wall construction or a given distance of open space between the buildings. Other considerations in site planning will be posed by matters of security and vehicular access both of which are better controlled with physical planning than elaborate electronic devices, subject to control of staff behaviour and accidental human error.
Vehicular access is normally restricted to deliveries of laboratory supplies and samples or specimens for testing. This eliminates the possibility of visitors wandering around the site and makes unauthorised visitors more conspicuous. The site plan should be as simple, orderly and regular as possible. It should allow for expansion of the laboratory as an extension of the plan and avoid having to turn into an L-shape, or worse, a separate building.
An L-shape extension generally produces confusion at the junction where the linear planning turns the corner. A separate building is not easy to access but can be successful if it is a separate laboratory function. I avoid having any preconceived images of the building. I just had to admit that I had no idea at all, but quickly explained why I had to go through the design process before any images would start to emerge.
Another major flexible design philosophy is to adopt a laboratory module of 3 m which will suit not only wet laboratory benches, instrumentation split-benches but also other functions see Figure 3. These conditions can be provided by expensive, energised, high-tech equipment or by what is known as passive energy design.
The former solves problems created by building designs which are conceived without regard to conservation of energy and the latter, which is fortunately becoming mandatory by some clients and the design philosophy of most architects and mechanical engineers, uses to advantage solar energy and energy generated by the laboratory equipment and occupants. Direct sunlight onto benches should be avoided as some chemicals can become unstable if exposed for an extended period. Some instruments cannot tolerate direct sunlight.
As the design team leader, the architect can encourage the engineering consultants to follow an energy conservation policy recommended by the specialist environmental design consultant on the team see Chapter 9. Standards recommend levels of illumination at bench level, quality of power supply, quality of laboratory gases, room temperature variation and humidity controls and these recommendations should be followed even if they are not mandatory.
More and more standards are becoming mandatory and most clients are adopting these standards as company policy. Figure 3. Firstly, the laboratory is on one level allowing maximum flexibility in rearrangement of departments, level transport of chemicals, glassware and other supplies on trolleys and staff convenience generally. Secondly, the laboratory water, waste, gas and power services can be reticulated in the accessible sub-floor area and supplied to the benches through the floor.
Thirdly, the roof space directly over the laboratory can accommodate the air-conditioning equipment and ducts, local exhaust fans and ducts. The ceiling height should be selected to suit the laboratory function and may very well be determined by building regulations. Opinion varies on floor-to-ceiling heights but the lower height, if suitable for the laboratory function, has energy conservation advantages in the reduced volume of conditioned air and electrical power needed for illumination.
If the building is multi-storied, an interstitial services floor between the laboratory floors can be a solution to the problem of providing services which are accessible outside the laboratory, but it can be a costly solution see Case studies 6C and 6D.
The main advantages of a peristitial space as an alternative to an interstitial space, besides the cost saving, is the convenience of changing and maintaining the service equipment and reticulation at the same level as the laboratory it serves without entering and disturbing the staff.
Window cleaning is another advantage. Site and buildings 27 28 Laboratory Design Guide Figure 3. The view from the laboratory is not blocked out as with solid louvers. The mesh screen is supported on a light metal frame which also supports the mesh floor and equipment. The building facade is a perforated sun screen on metal framing. The equipment and ducts are only visible at night see Plate Another example of a peristitial space is Case study If the laboratory building is a single storey with floor slab on the ground, a peristitial space can still be the best option as illustrated in Figure 3.
All fittings, electrical and data cable trays, etc. We made our first cabling changes one week after we moved in, with no disruption to the laboratory at all! By hanging things off the ceiling noise problems are reduced, as the sound waves are prevented from bouncing freely all over the lab. All air into the building is filtered to reduce dust buildup and whilst dust does still accumulate on any exposed surface the amount collecting on ceiling fittings is relatively small. We have not had to clean the fittings since we moved in Vertical service ducts have in the past contributed to the spread of fire through multi-storied laboratory buildings, so regulations are likely to require these ducts to have fire-rated enclosures.
The horizontal reticulated gas services from the vertical ducts to the laboratory benches at each floor should not be covered. If enclosed, gas leaks can build up within the confined space and create an explosion hazard.
Standards or regulations require such ducts to be ventilated. If the gas lines are fixed neatly to the wall, they should not be considered an eyesore but a design for easy maintenance and identification if location is needed in a hurry.
Fire-isolated stairs for safe egress of staff escaping from a fire and smoke are an additional cost to multi-storied buildings. The laboratory floor should not be graded to floor wastes but should be level to provide a level surface for movable workbenches, under-bench storage cupboards and drawers and floor-standing equipment. If there is a risk of water overflowing onto the floor from sinks, water baths and equipment it is more effective to install gratings at the door than have a floor waste.
Exceptions to the above would be animal rooms and laboratories requiring to be washed, when the wastes should be located in a corner furthest from the door. Laboratories are not washed down as they used to be before due to the current practice of using smaller volumes of liquids with fewer spills.
Floor wastes are sometimes installed under safety showers, but for the reasons given in Section 3. To achieve a clear rectangular laboratory floor space the structural columns should not impinge on the laboratory floor space, so external columns should project outwards and internal columns project into the corridor space. Laboratory benches and equipment are rectangular and do not fit into irregular shapes. Alternative floor plans with more than one central corridor are shown in Figure 3.
The dual corridor plan is generally selected when there are a large proportion of laboratory support facilities such as bulk store rooms, cool rooms, isolation rooms, dark rooms, special instrumentation rooms, autoclave washing facilities, etc. The staff workbenches are then arranged between the two corridors and window walls. A disadvantage of this arrangement is that access to the facilities from the laboratories is across the corridor.
The single corridor plan is generally favoured, however, as it is more flexible. The areas on both sides should be the same width for maximum flexibility, so the single corridor should be central. In the past, a plan with central structural columns and an off-set corridor was popular, but with the trend towards more open combined laboratory areas, the unequal widths became restrictive in the allocation and reallocation of spaces.
The laboratory support facilities in this plan can be arranged immediately adjacent to the laboratory they serve. If the building shape is irregular, one can still design the plan with the basic principles of the single or dual corridor plans.
In at least two instances, to my certain knowledge, architects have designed new laboratory buildings with a central corridor wide enough to accommodate refrigerators! I was able to explain to the architect that the equipment was in the corridor only because the laboratories were fitted out with fixed benching with no space for floor-standing equipment, so they had no choice but to put the equipment in the corridor.
The need for space in laboratories for equipment is mentioned under Section 4. The width of the main central corridor should conform to the building regulations but should not be less than mm. If it is much wider, there is a temptation to place objects in the corridor and even if they are only temporary they can be an obstruction to the required fire egress width. Corridors should be clear for rapid egress so obstructions of any kind should be avoided.
Doors opening into corridors should be recessed. A good rule in laboratory interior design is to arrange the workbenches at right angles to the window walls.
Also, working at the benches one is neither casting a shadow on the bench nor looking up into the glare from the window. The workbenches can be fitted to the window wall or can be separated from the window wall by a walk aisle. I adopt the latter plan for high risk laboratories such as oils laboratories, where there is a higher risk of fire and an alternative escape is provided by the aisle at the window.
If you are considering island benches you have to realise that services will have to come up through the floor or down from the ceiling. Drainage from island benches has to go down through the floor, unless you adopt a pump-out or vacuum extraction system up through the ceiling.
Peninsula benches can be serviced from the wall to which they are attached. I try to avoid planning benches against partitions. Facing the wall the worker will not see what is happening in the laboratory, which may be dangerous and the worker is preventing supervision of the bench work. Also the worker may not realise that fellow workers have left the laboratory, and is working in isolation which is not recommended.
Under Section 1. Regulations and standards control the minimum widths of work aisles, circulation aisles and other spaces. See Figure 2. For maximum flexibility laboratory functions should be combined into shared open spaces. However, some functions cannot be shared. Those which need separation due to the nature of the hazard, e. Obviously most of the laboratory support facilities mentioned above will be partitioned. If laboratory work areas are partitioned for each department, when any one department expands or contracts it is either cramped or wasteful of Site and buildings 35 space.
Open planning allows departments to be reallocated space without demolishing partitions. Plan for storage space, preferably adjacent to the main circulation for easy access by staff replenishing supplies. Too often storage is an afterthought or at best very inadequate and one of the chief failings of a design. Laboratory work requires a higher level of illumination at the workbench, generally lux, and to conserve energy it is best to have light coloured walls, ceiling, floor and furniture surfaces.
Arising from the renowned Cornell Lab of Ornithology and authored by a team of experts from around the world, the Handbook covers all aspects of avian diversity, behaviour, ecology, evolution, physiology, and conservation.
Using examples drawn from birds found in every corner of the globe, it explores and distills the many scientific discoveries that have made birds one of our best known - and best loved - parts of the natural world.
This edition has been completely revised and is presented with more than full color images. It provides readers with a tool for life-long learning about birds and is suitable for bird watchers and ornithology students, as well as for ecologists, conservationists, and resource managers who work with birds. Book Summary: Refined in detail through three editions, the manuals outstanding features include: an explanation of keys and how to use them; the inclusion of keys designed to identify by order or family extant mammals of the world; special sections containing comments and suggestions on identification; information on working with map coordinates and global positioning receivers; coverage of the use of computer programs to get estimates of home-range size and characteristics; and ideas for locating reliable, authoritative literature on mammals.
A section on techniques for studying mammals in the field and in the laboratory rounds out this student-friendly learning tool. Beautifully wrought illustrations and diagrams accurately portray visual details of mammal groups or characteristics that are unavailable to study in person. Moreover, well-designed laboratory exercises provide opportunities to apply knowledge and master understanding. Book Summary: This full-color guide is designed to provide an introduction to the anatomy of the rabbit for biology, zoology, nursing, or pre-professional students taking an introductory laboratory course in biology, zoology, anatomy and physiology, or basic vertebrate anatomy.
The rabbit is an excellent alternative to other specimens for these courses. Book Summary: Exploring Biology in the Laboratory: Core Concepts is a comprehensive manual appropriate for introductory biology lab courses.
This edition is designed for courses populated by nonmajors or for majors courses where abbreviated coverage is desired. Based on the two-semester version of Exploring Biology in the Laboratory, 3e, this Core Concepts edition features a streamlined set of clearly written activities with abbreviated coverage of the biodiversity of life.
These exercises emphasize the unity of all living things and the evolutionary forces that have resulted in, and continue to act on, the diversity that we see around us today. Book Summary: This black-and-white laboratory manual is designed to provide a broad, one-semester introduction to zoology. The manual contains observational and investigative exercises that explore the anatomy, physiology, behavior, and ecology of the major invertebrate and vertebrate groups.
Book Summary: This is the eBook of the printed book and may not include any media, website access codes, or print supplements that may come packaged with the bound book.
0コメント